Federal Republic of Brazil - 1653 Words

The official name of the country is the Federative Republic of Brazil. Brazil is the largest country in South America, it is located in Eastern South America and it borders the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil borders many countries including Argentina, Bolivia, Columbia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Brasilia is the capital and it is located in the Brazilian highlands in the country’s Central West Region. Brasilia was founded on April 21, 1960 and since then the population of Brazil has grown to about 201 million people. Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, although people speak a variety of other languages. Some of the other languages spoken in Brazil are German, Italian, Japanese, and Korean, along with 195 indigenous languages and some Baltic languages as well. There are many religions represented in Brazil including Protestant, Methodist, Episcopal, Pentecostal, Lutheran, Baptist, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, Jehovah’s Witness, Shinto, Rastafarian, Candomble and Umbanda. Though there are many religions the most prominent in the country is Roman Catholic. â€Å"Since the Portuguese colonized Brazil in the 16th century, it has been overwhelmingly Catholic. And today Brazil has more Roman Catholics than any other country in the world.† (Brazil, 2004) The government of Brazil is a Federal Republic. In this system the President is both the head of state and the head of government, as well as the head of a multi-party system. TheShow MoreRelatedBrazil Is A Federal Presidential Republic1556 Words   |  7 PagesBrazil is located on the continent of South America, as seen in Figure 2. It is found in the north east portion of South America. On the global spectrum South America and Brazil is located in the south west corner of the world (Figure 1). Brazil positioned between French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Columbia, Peru, Boliva, Paraguay, and Uruguay (Figure 3). The capital of Brazil is Brasà ­lia. Brasà ­lia is centrally located in Brazil. Brasà ­lia is about a fourteen hour drive from Rio de JaneiroRead MoreThe Country Of Brazil : Brazil1694 Words   |  7 Pages Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and the largest in Latin America. Its limits are: To the north, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana; to the south, Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay; To the east, the Atlantic Ocean; And to the west, Peru and Bolivia. The capital of Brazil is Brasilia. Brazil occupies almost half of the South American territory. Brazil has borders with all South American countries except Chile and Ecuador. The most important cities in Brazil areRead More Brazil Facts Essay659 Words   |  3 PagesBrazil Introduction You probably heard of Brazil but, do you know much about it? Brazil is a beautiful place or country, in South America. It’s great for tourists’ sites; it has amazing land features, and especially cool culture and history. Brazil has a tremendous amount of nature and folktale. Brazil was found actually, over 8,000 years ago. The Portuguese were the first European settlers to arrive there. The journey was led by Pedro Cabral who began in the 1500s. When they finally got thereRead MoreThe Economic Crisis Of Brazil1395 Words   |  6 Pages Brazil Historical Development While Brazil development state began in the response of the Great Depression during the economic crisis. The second section of this report describes the formal protection of human rights in the Brazilian criminal justice system, but also explains why these guarantees remain largely on paper. An understanding of why the Brazilian state appears to violate so many of the human rights that its own laws and Constitution guarantee requires some description of the historicalRead MorePolitical, Legal And Regulatory Environment Of China1194 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical, Legal and Regulatory Environment of China The People’s Republic of China is a single-party state that is governed by the Communist Party of China (Walton). The President of China is Xi Jinping and he also the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, which makes him China’s paramount leader (Moore and Phillips). The Premier of China is Li Keqiang, which is a role similar to the Prime Minister in England. The government in ChinaRead MoreThe History And Roles Of Brazils Political Culture858 Words   |  4 PagesBrazil’s inhabitants are controlled by a federal presidential republic form of government. This means that power is shared between the states and national governments. The Federative Republic of Brazil is governed by an executive, legislative, and the judicial branch. There are 26 states and 1 federal district in Brazil. Moreover, voting is voluntary between 16-18 years of age, but required between 18-70 years of age (â€Å"The World Factbook: Brazil†). This is significant because only 32 countries inRead MoreAnalys is Of Brazil s The Flag Of Brazil Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿1 Analysis of Brazil Introduction Brazil is a republic in South America comprising about half the area and half the population of South America. It was a colony of Portuguese from 1500 Century and became independent in 1822 and eventually a republic in 1889. Known for its warm and tropical year around climate, the country is an ideal place to come and visit all year round. Country Flag The flag of Brazil was officially adopted November 1889 by Raimundo Teixeira Mendes. It was to be depicted asRead MoreCentral East Coast Of The Continent Of South America1239 Words   |  5 Pages Brazil lies on the central east coast of the continent of South America and is the largest country covering nearly half of the continent. It has twenty six states and the capital is Brasilia. Due to its vast land mass the country is also divided into five regions - North, Northeast, South, Southeast and Center-West. â€Å"Brazil is the fifth largest country by geographical mass in the world and the fifth most populated country in the world with the latest census revealing there are over 190 million peopleRead MoreBrail629 Words   |  3 PagesBrazil has many main cities in its country. This map shows the different types of physical features in brazil. This maps shows some of the rivers In brazil and the capital of brazil. Brazil makes different kinds of products all around there country. There are many different kinds of elevations in the country of brazil. This is a picture of storm drain art in brazil. Brazil is a land where music and dance flows in the mind and body of it’s people They are descendants of IndiansRead MoreThe Brazilian Immigration Policy And The Constitution Of The Federative Republic Of Brazil925 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Federative Republic of Brazil. According (Wermuth, 2015) due the absence of more appropriate law to the changing times, the country has been dealing with immigration authoritarian and truculent manner, particularity through the work of the federal police, which is responsible for the care of immigrants for processing their Brazilian documentation. The excessive bureaucracy hinders the process of obtaining documentation for foreigners. According to the (Martà ­n, 2015) for years Brazil intents attract

Powerful Discourses Regarding Womens Bodies - 707 Words

Throughout history, women and their bodies have been portrayed in numerous different forms. Some argue that the weak female body was prone to madness and hysteria, while others praise its purity and ability to nurse children. Edward Jorden’s A Briefe Discourse of a Disease called the Suffocation of the Mother, printed in 1603, is a prime example of the former argument. Jorden contends that women are more liable to fall under the control of supernatural powers and evil spirits. On the other hand, Elizabeth Clinton asserts through her publication, From the Countess of Lincoln’s Nursery, that a woman should be valued due to the significant benefits of a mother nursing her own child. These discourses of the female body continued to conflict and show themselves in numerous pieces of literature, undeniably influencing our culture substantially. Concerns about the sovereign’s gender formed one of the primary social considerations of this period. As both of these documents were published directly after the end of Queen Elizabeth’s reign in 1603, one might expect to see these gender considerations revealed in the works produced during this time. Although Elizabeth’s regime brought much prosperity and order to England, some English subjects still desired for a return to state stability through a solidification of the patriarchal system. They believed there to be the danger in women’s involvement in politics at the sovereign level due to the weakness of the female body. However, thereShow MoreRelatedFeminist And Celebrity Entrepreneur, Amber Rose Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesRespectively, Johnston and Longhurst (2009, 159-160) emphasise that â€Å"sexed bodies are constructed through different social and cultural entanglements and through different spaces and places† and that the internet act s as an important source of material on sex and sexuality, reflecting and reinforcing social trends and conversations that are happening in ‘real’ space. Johnston and Longhurst’s (2009) notions of sexed bodies and spaces, theoretical ideas surrounding third-wave feminism and postfeminismRead MoreAcknowledge Their Sexual Identity?999 Words   |  4 Pagesto encourage women to start projecting their own traits, instead of taking on a more masculine identity because the most powerful and dominant traits are related to men. That is the issue with Female Chauvinist Pigs is the fact that they believe that if they identify closely with men then they will gain power. Levy states that â€Å"Women who ve wanted to be perceived as powerful have long found it more efficient to identify with men than to try and elevate the entire female sex to their level†(p.95)Read MoreThe Female Body And Land Art1574 Words   |  7 Pages A prominent Cuban-born artist, Ana Mendieta, has partnered the female body with nature to explore her own cultural and physical displacement, and through her incorporation of performance, body and land art has attracted numerous interpretations and historical studies. Mendieta was exiled from her homeland in the 1960s, moving to the USA. This displacement from her homeland and culture played a large part in informing her work. Mendieta repeatedly proclaimed, ‘I am between two cultures’ (MendietaRead MoreA Brief Note On The American Nurses Association1469 Words   |  6 Pagesor both – to individuals, organizations or government; to whole classes or groups of people or to the public at large (Hughes 1963). This implies a profession is strongly based on scientific principles and comprises of a specialized and systematized body of knowledge and is also empirically sound. A profession is also governed by its code of ethics thus qualifying nursing to be referred to a s a profession. Scholars have made several classifications of a profession and furthermore nursing have beenRead MoreThe Feminist Movement : Adrienne Rich1607 Words   |  7 Pagesholds a completely different meaning. Feminism was created to fight for women’s equality. It was around the 1940s where the word began to gain its first wave of momentum. The second wave came in the 60s and 70s, and led to the third wave in the 90s which has carried over to today’s time. Many authors, especially the few women authors, attached themselves to this label and began to write powerful pieces that fought for women’s equality. One major author who really influenced the feminist movementRead MoreAfrican American Culture The Talent Influence Is Under Credited And Underpaid1069 Words   |  5 Pagesyouth activists staged and live-streamed a sit-in at Immigration and Customs Enforcement offices in Los Angeles. Unfortunately, these DREAM activists have been weary about creating their own narrative for the public, because they tend to reject the discourse they have received over their mission. Gender and sexuality are two very fluid things that most people do not understand, and this song chooses to challenge the ‘basic’ understanding. In the video, we are taken on a journey through the life of BenRead MoreA Pattern Based Discourse Analysis1447 Words   |  6 PagesResults In the transcript I have identified a pattern based Discourse Analysis, as the participant’s narrative begins with more general/health related motivations for exercise based on the first theme, ‘The Way we Were’. However, as the interview continues, a pattern of more personal motivations become apparent; and from them a dualistic internal discourse develops around the ‘Self-empowerment or Path to Burnout?’ theme. From it emerges a secondary narrative, in which the participant cites bothRead MoreAnthropology : Cultural And Social Formation Of Gender And Ideas About Gender2379 Words   |  10 Pagesresearched individually. 1. Research topics will include cited research entailing four broad areas. a. Including the potential for human sex differences found in the primary auditory cortex b. The associations amongst women and power through a discourse analysis, of variation in language and gender, neural language networks at birth c. Highlighting the importance of recognizing that there are dissimilar constraints and views of menstruating women in unrelated religions. d. Gender differences inRead MoreThe Hegemonic Concept Of Hegemony Essay2078 Words   |  9 Pagescontributes to the show being a â€Å"brilliant comedic dispatch filed from the front line of modern singledom’’ (Flett, 1995). However, within a closer look at the ideas conveyed by the show, it becomes evident that its meaning goes beyond feminist discourse and women empowerment towards a more subtle but still important concept of capitalism and cultural homogenization. It is argued that the success of SATC can be referred to the rise of postfeminist, women-centered drama productions in theRead MoreThe Sexual Commodification Of Women1424 Words   |  6 Pagesof this theory. I will also discuss how the consumer is persuaded into thinking that because feminist themes are becoming more visible in the mainstream, society must therefore be making progress at reducing sexism and calling additional attention women’s issues. The first significant instance of Commodity Feminism was perhaps Edward Bernays’ ‘Torches of Freedom’, which was the public relations stunt for Lucky Strike Cigarettes in 1929. In the documentary The Century of the Self, it shows that at

Financial Institution free essay sample

Financial Institution In  financial economics, a  financial institution  is an  institution  that provides  financial services  for its clients or members. Probably the most important financial service provided by financial institutions is acting as  financial intermediaries. Most financial institutions are  regulated  by the  government. Broadly speaking, there are three major types of financial institutions: Depositary Institutions  :  Deposit-taking institutions that accept and manage deposits and make  loans, including  banks,  building societies,  credit unions,  trust companies, and  mortgage loan  companies Contractual Institutions:  Insurance companies  and  pension funds; and Investment Institutes:  Investment Banks,  underwriters,  brokerage firms. Function Financial institutions provide service as intermediaries of financial markets. They are responsible for transferring funds from investors to companies in need of those funds. Financial institutions facilitate the flow of money through the economy. Standing settlement instructions Standing Settlement Instructions  (SSIs) are the agreements between two financial institutions which fix the receiving agents of each  counter party  in ordinary trades of some type. Regulation Financial institutions in most countries operate in a heavily regulated environment as they are critical parts of countries economies. Regulation structures differ in each country, but typically involve prudential regulation as well as consumer protection and market stability. Some countries have one consolidated agency that regulates all financial institutions while others have separate agencies for different types of institutions such as banks, insurance companies and brokers. Countries that have separate agencies include the  United States, where the key governing bodies are the  Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council  (FFIEC),  Office of the Comptroller of the Currency   National Banks,  Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation  (FDIC) State non-member banks,  National Credit Union Administration  (NCUA) Credit Unions,  Federal Reserve  (Fed) member Banks,  Office of Thrift Supervision   National Savings amp; Loan Association, State governments each often regulate and charter financial institutions. The financial institutions are generally regulated by the financial laws of the government Various types of financial institutions are as follows: * Commercial Banks * Credit Unions * Stock Brokerage Firms * Asset Management Firms * Insurance Companies * Finance Companies * Building Societies * Retailers| Role of Financial Institutions * The various financial institutions generally act as an intermediary between the capital market and debt market. But the services provided by a particular institution depends on its type. * The financial institutions are also responsible to transfer funds from investors to the companies. * Typically, these are the key entities that control the flow of money in the economy. Services Offered by Various Financial Institutions The services provided by the various types of financial institutions may vary from one institution to another. For example, The services offered by the commercial banks are * insurance services, * mortgages, loans and * credit cards. The services provided by the brokerage firms, on the other hand, are different and they are * insurance, * securities, * mortgages, * loans, * credit cards, * money market and * check writing. The insurance companies offer * insurance services, * securities, * buying or selling service of the real estates, * mortgages, * loans, * credit cards and * check writing. The credit union is co-operative financial institution, which is usually controlled by the members of the union. The major difference between the credit unions and banks is that the credit unions are owned by the members having accounts in it. The stock brokerage firms are the other types of financial institutions that help both the corporations and individuals to invest in the stock market. Another type of financial institution is the asset management firms. The prime functionality of these firms is to manage various securities and assets to meet the financial goals of the investors. The firms also offer fund management advice and decisions to the corporations and individuals.

Ireland Irishes Essays - Irish Genealogy, Irish Diaspora

Ireland Irishes Like most Americans, my family is made up of many different ethnic groups. My mom's side is Irish Protestant descent. My dad's side is mostly English descent and a little of Native American descent from his mother. There is some in which I do not know because my dad does not know who his dad is. He was adopted by a man named David Mitchell, this is where my last name comes from. My grandmother died and never told my dad who his dad was. My dad could find out from his birth certificate, which is sealed in Albany, who his dad is. He has no desire to do that though. Over the summer, I tried to find out about my family's ancestry. I only searched on my mom's side since it is easier. This is for two reasons, first my mom's parents are still alive. Second because they came to the United States only about one hundred years ago. Both my grandparent's families came from Northern Ireland. My grandparents were born in the United States. My grandfather brought me over my cousin's house because she had a copy of my great grandmother's birth certificate. This told me what town she was from. I also found out that I had other cousins that live in Canada that were from Northern Ireland. Many Irish people immigrated to Canada because it was cheaper than going to the United States. She told me that they would have more information of family that lives in Northern Ireland. My grandfather gave me a book called " The World Book of Craig's " which is his last name. It gave me places to write to for further information and also gave me addresses of all the Craig's all over the world. I learned that my grandmother's family is from Belfast and my grandfather's family is from a town called Bellymena. They are both located in the county of Antrim in Northern Ireland. They descended from Presbyterian Scots who settled in Northern Ireland in the seventeenth century. In doing further research I found that the Irish, both Protestant and Catholic, was the largest immigration group in the United States. At one point there were more Irish in the United States than in Ireland. The Irish immigrated in two waves. The first wave was Scotch Irish from 1760 - 1775. They found it easy to sustain old world ways because they came over in such a large group. This is because they settled into towns. They were fleeing from economic distress and religious distress since Irish laws favored Anglicans over Presbyterians and Catholics. They wanted to obtain land and to make a profit in the New World. The second wave came around 1845 - 1849. They were Irish Catholics. The reason that they migrated to the United States in such mass numbers is because first of overpopulation and then because of the Great Famine. The failure of the staple crop, the potato, caused many Irish to starve to death. When my ancestors migrated to the United States around the turn of the century, like most immigrants they came for a better way of life. At the time in history, Ireland was slowly getting over the Potato Famine and struggling with England for independence. My family had an easy transition in the United States because they already had family in New York and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Unlike Catholics which faced discrimination, my family didn't because they were Protestant. The Catholics were discriminated because of fear that the unskilled Irish Catholic would displace American craftsmen. Also because the slums inhabited in part by the Irish were undermining the nation's values. Every social problem from immortality and alcoholism to poverty and economic upheaval was blamed on immigrant Irish Catholics. The country was Protestant - biased. On my father's side, I know very little. I have learned that my ancestry runs all the way back to the seventeenth century from England. They were one of the first people in the New World looking for wealth and opportunity. I had ancestry that fought in the American Revolution. I also have Native American ancestry from Cherokee and Iroquois. My grandmother's last name was Partington, which is a name of nobility in England. They were loyalists. There was a Partington that died in the Civil War at the Battle of Gettysburg. There was another ancestor by the name of Terry that was a commander in the Civil War. This is all I know about my father's family. I think that all

My hobby which is driving Essay Essays

My hobby which is driving Essay Essays My hobby which is driving Essay Essay My hobby which is driving Essay Essay Make you of all time acquire that impulse to merely run away? Or like you are about to detonate with choler for no ground? Ever feel like you are so swamped with work from school that you want to discontinue college. merely for a minute? These are all impulses induced by emphasis. We all find ways to get away in order to garner ourselves. even if it is merely for a small while. I live in an flat in Brooklyn and portion a sleeping room with my small sister which is a immense emphasis factor in my life. I didn’t have many options when I was a immature adolescent. Where was a immature miss like me supposed to travel when I had had plenty? Public transit neer appealed to me. I wasn’t old plenty to drive yet. so the lone thing I could make was travel outside and hang out on the block with my vicinity friends. But I yearned to be off by myself one time in a piece and taking a long walks on cold winter yearss merely didn’t cut it. I couldn’t delay to turn up so I could merely take off and go forth when I truly felt the demand. alternatively of remaining place in a topographic point where a battle was bound to interrupt out. Then I turned 17 my grandfather decided to learn me how to drive. Following thing I knew I had my licence and I was away! My life had changed wholly. It was now my beginning of emphasis alleviation. and on top of that it enabled me to spread out my societal life by going to more topographic points out of Brooklyn where the party scene was more appealing. Now I could acquire in my grandpa’s old auto and cut through the air at tickle pinking velocities with the air current in my hair and my stone music blasting. I was free as a bird. Everyone has their small method of chilling out and loosen uping and drive is mine. Jeff Greenwald gave a great illustration in Health magazine when he discussed Zen drive. He said that the feeling begins the minute you enter your auto. and settle yourself†¦at that point the auto becomes an extension of yourself. Your tyres should experience like the underside of your shoe. and the rear-view mirror becomes your 3rd oculus. This is precisely how I release all that pent up tenseness. My auto and I fuse into one and I forget about what I was making before. I don’t think about my finish. all that affairs is what I am making at that minute. I admit I do on juncture take my choler out on the route but I would NEVER set person else’s life at interest. That’s why I am normally out driving at eldritch hours of the dark when there isn’t many others out at that place on the route with me. I like to rush. I like to travel on the New York expressway and push that hapless peddle of my grandfather Buick past its bounds. I may neer hold driven faster than 100 stat mis an hr. but I think I’ll save the faster velocities for the twenty-four hours I become a race auto driver. Harmonizing to the web site of Department of Motor Vehicles of New York State there are 3. 327. 441 licensed drivers in NYC in 2003. I am one of those drivers. Possibly I am non the lone 1 that likes to drive so much. But I try to be responsible because New York City seems to be celebrated for bad drivers and merely because I am careful doesn’t mean the cat next me is. I say cat because a common stereotype is that adult females are atrocious drivers compared to work forces I think everyone should be able to do their ain determinations merely after they have reviewed the facts. Harmonizing to the DMV of the State of New York in the twelvemonth 2001. work forces aged 18-24 were responsible for more than three times the sum of fatal auto accidents as adult females aged 18-24. Car accidents are a chilling thing to see but non something I put a batch of idea into when I foremost got my licence. but seeing a figure like 422 human deaths of immature work forces and adult females in N YC entirely isn’t something I take lightly. The 2nd manner drive has impacted my life has been by leting me to go further with more easiness and in comfort. Having a licence takes off my dependance on others. I can name my friends ; pick them up. and thrust to a nine in the metropolis on any given dark without holding to worry about trusting on person else or about taking the train tardily at dark. Harmonizing to the MTA New York City Transit agenda. the F train which would usually take me about an hr to acquire to Manhattan from Brooklyn. runs every 20 proceedingss on late darks and weekends. But as many of you may hold experienced this does non frequently turn out to be the instance. I have waited for several hours at times and when Us are coming back from a nine or saloon and have a few drinks in you. I doubt you are in no temper to wait that long. That’s when some may fall back to taking a cab. but non everyone could afford that luxury. and cab menus can add up if you go out often. Though I do hold to pay the monetary value of remaining sober when I drive. I truly don’t head because it is non the most of import thing in the universe to me. When I drive I control reasonably much everything. the lone thing beyond my powers is traffic on the roads but with experience you learn there are plentifulness of ways to avoid it. Basically I am content to cognize that I will ever hold the route to salvage me from ennui and hurt. I will everlastingly be indulging in the pleasances of driving. and no 1 will of all time be able to take that off from me. At least I hope non.

The Natural Harmony of Organic Architecture

The Natural Harmony of Organic Architecture Organic Architecture is a term that American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) used to describe his environmentally integrated approach to architectural design. The philosophy grew from the ideas of Wrights mentor, Louis Sullivan, who believed that form follows function. Wright argued that form and function are one. Author Jà ³sean Figueroa argues that Wrights philosophy grew from the American Transcendentalism of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Organic architecture strives to unify space, to blend interiors and exteriors, and create a harmonic built environment not separate or dominant from nature but as a unified whole. Frank Lloyd Wrights own homes, Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin and Taliesin West in Arizona, exemplify the architects theories of organic architecture and lifestyle Wright was not concerned with architectural style, because he believed that every building should grow naturally from its environment. Nevertheless, Wrights architectural elements found in the prairie house - overhanging eaves, clerestory windows, one-story rambling open floor plans - are elements found in many of Wrights designs. In Spring Green, the structure Wright designed that is now the Taliesin Visitors Center is like a bridge or a dock on the Wisconsin River: the roofline of Taliesin West follows the Arizona hills, stepping in downward paths toward pools of liquid desert. Wrights architecture seeks harmony with the land, be it desert or prairie. Definition of Organic Architecture A philosophy of architectural design, emerging in the early 20th cent., asserting that in structure and appearance a building should be based on organic forms and should harmonize with its natural environment. - Dictionary of Architecture and Construction Modernist Approaches to Organic Design In the last half of the twentieth century, Modernist architects took the concept of organic architecture to new heights. By using new forms of concrete and cantilever trusses, architects could create swooping arches without visible beams or pillars. Parque Gà ¼ell and many other works by the Spanish Antoni Gaudà ­ have been called organic. Modern organic buildings are never linear or rigidly geometric. Instead, wavy lines and curved shapes suggest natural forms. Classic examples of modernist approaches to organic architecture include the Sydney Opera House by Danish architect Jà ¸rn Utzon and the Dulles International Airport with its swooping, wing-like roofs by Finnish architect Eero Saarinen. Modern approaches are less concerned with integrating architecture within the surrounding environment as did Frank Lloyd Wright. The World Trade Center Transportation Hub by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava may well represent a modernist approach to organic architecture. The white-winged Oculus is an organic form in the center of a new complex of towers, and memorial pools, is how Architectural Digest described it, at the sites of the two that fell in 2001. Taliesin as Organic Architecture Wrights ancestry was Welsh, and Taliesin is a Welsh word. Taliesin, a Druid, was a member of King Arthurs Round Table, Wright has said. It means shining brow and this place now called Taliesin is built like a brow on the edge of the hill, not on top of the hill because I believe you should never build on top of anything directly. If you build on top of the hill, you lose the hill. If you build on one side of the top, you have the hill and the eminence that you desire. You see? Well, Taliesin is a brow like that. Houses should not be boxes set together row on row. If a house is to be architecture, it must become a natural part of the landscape. The land is the simplest form of architecture, wrote Frank Lloyd Wright. Both Taliesin properties are organic because their designs adapt to the environment. Horizontal lines mimic the horizontal range of hills and shoreline. The slope of a roof mimics the slope of the land. If you cant get to tour the Wright homes in Wisconsin and Arizona, perhaps a short trip to southern  Pennsylvania would illuminate the nature of organic architecture. Many people have heard of Fallingwater, the private home nestled on top of a hillside stream. Through the use of modern materials - steel and glass - cantilever construction enabled the structure to appear like smooth concrete stones skipping along the Bear Run waterfalls. Very near Fallingwater, another Wright-designed home, Kentuck Knob, may be more landlocked than its neighbor, yet the roof almost becomes the forest floor as one walks around the house. These two homes alone exemplify organic architecture and construction at Wrights best. So here I stand before you preaching organic architecture: declaring organic architecture to be the modern ideal and the teaching so much needed if we are to see the whole of life, and to now serve the whole of life, holding no traditions essential to the great TRADITION. Nor cherishing any preconceived form fixing upon us either past, present or future, but - instead - exalting the simple laws of common sense  - or of super-sense if you prefer - determining form by way of the nature of materials... - Frank Lloyd Wright, An Organic Architecture, 1939 Sources The Philosophy of Organic Architecture by Jà ³sean Figueroa,  CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014Organic Architecture: The Other Modernism by Alan Hess, Gibbs Smith, 2006New Organic Architecture: The Breaking Wave by David Pearson, University of California Press; 2001The Future of Architecture by Frank Lloyd Wright, New American Library, Horizon Press, 1953, pp. 21, 41Dictionary of Architecture and Construction edited by Cyril M Harris, McGraw-Hill, 1975, pp. 340-341Santiago Calatrava Explains How He Designed the Oculus For Future Generations by Elizabeth Fazzare, Architectural Digest online posted October 24, 2017, https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/santiago-calatrava-explains-designed-oculus-for-future-generations

Brief biography of a Texas Representative or a US Senator Essay

Brief biography of a Texas Representative or a US Senator - Essay Example Gattis was born on December 1, 1967 in Austin, Texas. His father is a former agricultural school teacher and his mother a former public school teacher. The family ranch is called Beefmaster cattle. Gattis and his spouse Shana have three pre-school children (Texas House of Representatives, 2009). Gattis graduated from Texas A& M University in College Station, Texas in 1990. He was a member of Texas A&M Corps of Cadets (Gattis & Lucas LLP) and class president (Texas House of Representatives, 2009). In 1994, Gattis graduated in law from South Texas College of Law, Houston (Gattis & Lucas LLP). Gattis started his legal career as an associate for Houston-based litigation firm Tucker, Hendryx & Gascoyne. Beginning in 1996, he served for seven years as a criminal prosecutor in Williamson County. In 2003, Gattis started his own law firm, which he merged with his friend and attorney Travis Lucas office in 2006 to form Gattis & Lucas, LLP (Gattis & Lucas LLP). Gattis is the head of the firms litigation and trial practice in representing individuals, companies, and organizations in courtrooms across the State (Gattis & Lucas LLP). Appraisal Reform: Gattis supports bringing accountability and transparency to the current appraisal system (Texans for Dan Gattis). He promises to support reforms that would give property owners more rights while making the appraisal district accountable to voters (Texans for Dan Gattis). Businesses and jobs. Gattis promises to continue supporting policies focusing on the States economic well-being. His efforts towards policies such as worker’s compensation reform, no state income tax, and lawsuit reform have earned him the title of Defender of the American Dream by Americans for Prosperity for two sessions (Texans for Dan Gattis). Energy: Gattis favors achieving energy independence by increasing States exploration and production while investigating all alternative energy sources

Educational Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Educational Communication - Essay Example Susan realizes there is more to life and makes the decision to pursue an education regardless of the fact that her family disapproves of it. The film gives an account of Susan’s story and progress as an adult learner from an inexperienced person with reverence for great learning of the university types, to a higher appreciation of herself as well as the role played by education. Nonetheless, the film went further to exemplify numerous theories concerning adult education as well as learning while simultaneously depicts the continuing struggles that are faced by adult educators together with their learners. At some point in the film, Susan is depicted watching a television show for one of the course she takes. In 1983, this was the only realistic manner of running a massive open course because there was no internet as well as wide-spread use of videotapes. She then goes to see Frank as he is her tutor and this is a reflection of the manner in which the universities are run in Britain. However, the Open University targets the working adults with tutorial hours being held in the evenings. The Open University that was started in 1969 by the Labor Party waives the traditional entrance prerequisites for the adult learners. Open Learning continues to grow strong with more than a quarter a million students all over the globe and it has been recognized in the United States. This form of learning employs a blend of methods in its delivery of courses that include research, gradate as well as undergraduate divisions. There are various reasons and topologies that explain why adults take part in formal adult education initiatives. The first topology which is liberal is different from the vocational or careers programs, self-improvement, civic engagements as well as emancipator purposes. In this set-up, liberal denotes arts curriculum, awareness of literature, sciences arts as well as history that makes people human. The reasons

Men and Women in Business Society Essay Example for Free

Men and Women in Business Society Essay It is said that in nowadays we live in a modern and developing world where people have unlimited opportunities for development.Widely supported statement is the one which says that the individual success fully depends on the individual abilities and skills.Although it is true,still there are some prejudices which reflect on us and our choice.In our more tolerant community(compared to the past) discrimination is unacceptable but unfortunatelly it still exists. More particularly we will pay attention to one popular belief in the sphere of business according to which men are better leaders than women. Where does this statement come from?What are the differences between businessmen and businesswomen?We will compare men and women in the business society and we will try to find out the truth. It is not a secret that men and women have some significant misunderstandings in their way of thinking and character. As it is said-Men are from Mars and Women from Venus. But lets take a closer look at what exactly show the surveys and statistics.According to them in tensed situations men are more cold-blooded while women are subordinated to emotions.Women are more insecure and prefer to do the things on their own,while men would rather give the task to someone else.That is why because unlike women,men feel comfortable giving orders to other people.Men prefer using competition to cooperation,in the contrary women prefer cooperation to competition because women really appreciate their social contacts on their working place.In difficult moment men accept that obstacle as ‘’problem-solution’’while women-‘’situation-reaction’’.For men taking risks is a question of profits. They ask themselves-‘’What will I win taking this risk?’’For women taking risks is a question of sacrifice or ‘’What is the price of this risk?’’, ‘’What will I have to sacrifice taking it?’’Women accept success as happy concurrence of circumstances while men in case of success take merit to themselves. From all mentioned above we come to a conclusion that women are more emotional and they pay more attention to their feelings-Business as a game of interests does not tolerate such behavior. That is why the sensibility of women and their subordination to criticism are perceived as disadvantage. In spite of all statistics and statements of psychologists my personal opinion is that we do not have to make a difference between a man and a woman. In spite of all supporting the thesis that men are better business leaders we-women know that the best way, in which men can obey to the women, is to remain them to belive that they are the leaders.So weather men are better business leaders or we women let them(in purpose) believe so is still a question with no answer.

college info Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though, as of this point in my life, I do not yet know what career I would like to pursue, or even what general field I would like to study or work in. I do have certain goals that I know I shall work to attain. These goals are fairly common among most people. Such as the goal of financial security, and financial ability to support a family; the goal of continuous intellectual and physical competitiveness; as well as a goal of general well being, and happiness. In America, many people with these goals go to a college or university in order to achieve them. Their path has been proven to be effective, and so I too have chosen to go to college.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have learned that unfortunately colleges vary to great degrees, and that some will not satisfy me in achieving my goals. Because I must choose one college above another, I have compiled a set of requirements that I would like the college that I attend to fufill. My primary requirement for a college is that it have a broad program base, so that I may best discover and choose a career path that I would enjoy following. As well as a schools course selection, their actual facilities and physical resources are also important to me (such as library, computer rooms, workout facilities and other buildings). Ideally I would like to go to a medium or large sized college, because they generally best fufill this requirement, as well as they often have many career resources and connections. However a well equipped smaller college may also appeal to me. In regards of location, I would like to stay in the Northeast. I enjoy the cooler climate, and winter sports, and I would al so like to be within six hours of home. Not to mention (actually I am mentioning, but whatever) the fact that my girlfriend is probably going to attend a SUNY school, and I would like to have the opportunity to continue our relationship.Though these requirements are rather broad, they are certainly not concrete. The college that I go to may indeed fufill all of these requirements, or may very well fufill none. As of right now these are only ideas of what I am looking for in a college, however a very different college may just find me, and I am very open to that possibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One school that I have been seriously considering is Alfred University of upstate New York. The re... ... band shirts and plays his guitar all the time. Despite this striking difference between him and the average rich white polo loving guy, who only dates snobbish supermodel girls who are noted for being extremely prevalent in the school, my brother has found many good friends, and is basically friendly with everyone. I know this because I went to visit him for a long weekend, and saw how he unites his three floor dorm of jocks-1st floor(his floor), hot girls-2nd floor and the more nerdy or individual guys on the 3rd floor. This situation was probably mostly because of the unique person that my brother is, but it shows that the divisions that are prevalent in the school between the â€Å"cool kids† and the â€Å"individuals† can be overcome. I do believe that if I were to attend I would in fact be able to make friends in both categories, and have an all around good time. Oh yeah, and here is a list for the outline: In conclusion, I would like to go to an academically challenging and fulfilling school, which will aid me in selecting and succeeding in a future career. At the same time I want to have a good time in college, which is what many people believe the most important aspect of college.

English Language Learners at the Elementary Level Essay

During English learning sessions, learners who are not native English speakers or those who English is not their first language have been identified to have anxiety and a sense of being alienated in to a language they do not belong or understand, have found themselves in crisis when trying to pass information using a language they are not certain and much concerns have been raised over the self-typifying era of being uncertain in whatever they do. All these have been recognized as themes of the philosophy of existentialism. These themes have significant implications for practicing education practice in learning English language. This philosophical paper has a number of purposes. First, it seeks to clarify the five philosophies of education. Their definition and explanation of what they are and what they are not forms one of the aims for this research paper. The position of existentialism is explained in relation to those other philosophies. This philosophy is clarified explicitly and the most common deviations from what the philosophy is are highlighted. Too often, existentialism is by mistake assumed to refer to an individual’s atomistic view. Such individual is assumed or imagined to be in a capacity to exercise his or her absolute right of freedom. The clarification of this issue is made by three philosophers namely Kierkegaard, Nietzsche and Heidegger. Secondly, this philosophical paper aims at applying the philosophies of education in the context of learners of English language at elementary level. It presents an outline of an existential framework which is structures mainly around and about the notion of English language learner who Is specifically at elementary level who is depicted as being in relation, embedded to a certain notion and language culture, a learner who is totally alienated in a world or environment where English is the popular and desirable language and is determined to make meaning out of his or her current status of being meaningless. These attributes have one on one implication for the ideal ‘English speaking and writers’. These impacted people are those who have been taught English as their mother tongue language or have learned the language sufficiently such that it is almost impossible to identify those who were born and taught English as the language of the earth and those who just perfected their English skills at a later stage of their lives, either at primary or secondary level of education. Again, these attributes have impact on the so called ‘English man’ which is more often than not articulated as the aim of introducing English lessons in most of the worlds education programmes. Attaining utmost understanding of English and being in a position to communicate as perfect as ‘Irish man’ using English according to this framework means being authentic, critical and having attained a personal identity as an English language speaker. A third aim of this paper is make argument on how English language learners at elementary level may usefully and successfully apply the philosophy of existentialism in creating identities in English language classes and practice sessions. By applying the philosophy, learners stand a chance of self discovery through active participation and while they enjoy the freedom of choosing what they feel is best for them. The existentialism philosophy is in support of the ideas of pedagogical approaches in education. English learning requires such an approach and by this means, learners are able to effectively examine the approaches by use of crises and anxiety generated from existentialism philosophy. English language syllabus for elementary level as well as other programmes and policies that support English learning stand a chance of being critiqued using the philosophy. Research Questions This research paper shall try to answer few questions that arise whenever the subject of educational philosophy is put on table. First, what is the definition of existentialism as a philosophy in education? What does existentialism entail? What cannot be referred when defining existentialism and what is antagonistic to existentialism? Which of the educational philosophies can be applied in the process of learning English as language? Of all the applicable philosophies, which one is the best to adopt while teaching or learning English language?

Barilla Spa – Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Barilla SpA, world’s largest manufacturer of pasta based in Italy is experiencing extreme demand variability resulting to operational inefficiency and increased cost. To combat the key issues stated my decision is to implement the Just In Time Distribution (JITD). This new system, contrary to current system Barilla has will eliminate Bullwhip effect and stock outs by having centralized information, there will be data transparency between Barilla and distributors.Distributors will provide actual sales data which will be the basis of forecasting and production thus increasing in efficiency in operation and alleviating stock out among distributors. JITD will lead to improved supplier-customer relationship which in the long run can be perceived as a win-win situation. Internal resistance coming from Sales and Marketing will be resolved by involving the top management and by presenting the benefits of the JITD in figures and by emphasizing that role of Sales team in JITD is of paramount to the implementation.External resistance will be combated by thorough discussion presenting the long term benefits of all parties involved. Implementation of JITD as soon as possible will position Barilla on even stronger pasta producer and will potentially increase growth rate of the company resulting from increased business efficiencies and reduced cost. Barilla can have a pilot run on the DO (Distribuzione Organizzata) where sales representatives functions are dominant, sales representatives are one of the key factors on the success of JITD implementation.Weekly meeting between Barilla and DO will have to take place for couple of months upon implementation to monitor its status. ISSUE IDENTIFICATION A. Immediate Issue Because Barilla is facing extreme variability in demand week by week which causes operational inefficiencies, high inventory and stock outs, Maggiali is fighting for the implementation of Just In Time Distribution (JITD) system despite of th e internal objection from Sales and Marketing team and external resistance from distributors. B.Systemic Issues †¢Poor Forecasting system Nature: StrategicTiming: Short term & Long term Most distributors like GDs and DOs check inventory levels and place orders with Barilla once per week using simple periodic review. They do not follow any forecasting model; they just do replenishment ordering without minimum/maximum quantity. Barilla has no visibility on actual data, their basis of production is per distributors’ information per week and this causes pressure on manufacturing & distribution team of Barilla. Too many SKUs & High level of inventory Nature: StrategicTiming: Long term & Short term On dry products alone, Barilla offers 800 SKU. Pasta is made in 200 different shapes and sizes and has more than 470 packaged SKUs. Typically distributors carry 150SKU out of 800 SKUs Barilla leaving high inventory on the CDC. There is high level of inventory across the chain; overa ll there is about 2 months of inventory on the entire supply chain at any given time. †¢Frequent Trade Promotion leads to Bulk Ordering Nature: Tactical Timing: Short termBarilla has 10-12 canvass period which each corresponding to a promotional program. During the canvass distributor can buy as much as he wants in order to avail the promotion and this is welcomed by sales representatives because their incentive is dependent on achieving sales goal for that canvass period. Barilla also offers volume discount and transportation discount in full truck load order quantities. The situation leads to bulk ordering which causes demand fluctuation. †¢Long Lead time Nature: StrategicTiming: Long term and Short termDistributors place order to Barilla once per week only using simple periodic review system and lead time is eight to fourteen days, due to long lead time distributors either order high inventory or it results to stock out at distributor’s customer. ENVIRONMENTAL & ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS Barilla is the largest manufacturer of pasta in the world, making 35% of all pasta sold in Italy and 22% of all pasta sold in Europe. However, Barilla suffers from Bullwhip effect due to huge variability in demand that resulted to operational inefficiencies such as increased cost on transportation, distribution & inventory. stock out (see exhibit 1). On the production itself the set up are very specific, the company is incapable of meeting fluctuating demand because they consider sequential production to avoid huge set up cost. When demand fluctuates manufacturing and distribution team experience too much pressure. Barilla has complex distribution; presence of multiple intermediaries slows down the delivery lead time to ultimate customer. Carrying too much variety on dry products, 800 SKUs also leads to long production lead-time because they maintain sequence of production based on size and shape of pasta to reduce set up cost.Stock out occurs due to the fact tha t distributors maintain only 2 weeks inventory and delivery lead time from CDC is 8-14days. On table below it is evident that stock can happen in DC/DO level because 2 weeks delivery lead-time and maintaining 2 weeks inventory on the shelf. Price changes due to promotions and incentives cause demand fluctuation as well. Barilla has no visibility on what is happening in reality with the flow of their products in the market. Barilla lacks centralized information and sophisticated forecasting capability and because of this bullwhip effect occurs ( see exhibit 2).Due to severe fluctuation in demand Barilla is pushed to increase the buffer of finished goods to avoid stock out and this only means increase in raw materials inventory, carrying cost, transportation cost and production cost which is detrimental to the growth of the company. Since Barilla’s production is based on input of distributors, Barilla in the long run may lose the market share if distributors find that other bra nds are selling more and decide to carry competitor’s product instead.Lack of knowledge on the actual sales data on the market will have a negative effect on Barilla; it has to establish smooth business relationship with all the supply chain channels and not only with the distributors. . RECOMMENDATION From my overall analyses given the facts presented I strongly recommend to proceed with option number 1- to implement JITD. Reason is because thru JITD Barilla will have the centralized information and will have access to actual sales information which they will be using to plan procurement of raw materials, production, logistics , safety stock , inventory accordingly .Also, thru JITD Barilla will have a chance to establish good supplier-customer relationship with the distributors and even with the supermarkets, this is very critical in running successful business. Barilla will have the control of production and not based on the order of distributor. Ultimately Bullwhip effect will be managed. First phase would be to implement with the DO because of the presence of sales representatives on the area. It would be so much easier to implement the plan since sales representatives of Barilla often spends 90% of the time in DO.

Please Write A Brief Entry Describing What You Hope To Gain From

Please Write A Brief Entry Describing What You Hope To Gain From Please Write A Brief Entry Describing What You Hope To Gain From College, Your Career Goals, And Why – Scholarship Essay Example Everything needs energy. Cars, our homes and the workplace all depend on energy to run engines and provide electri for electronics. Much of ourenergy today comes from fossil fuels that are non-renewable and pollute the environment. One of the greatest challenges we face today is figuring out how to provide the energy that provides for a modern society while not burning fossil fuels that will run out and will pollute our planet. Engineering new ways, alternative ways of providing this energy is the professional goal I have set for myself. Currently, I am pursuing a two-year degree in Alternative Energy Engineering. I believe that getting this knowledge will give me the chance to get a good job that will help me make a difference in the world. The engineering aspect of developing alternative energy technology is appealing to me. I am not an inventor, so I do not want to work as the person that invents the new photovoltaic cell or figures out how to better capture hydrogen for use in a fuel cell. What I am determined to do is to take these inventions that other people discover and then figure out how to apply the science in the real world. I believe that I deserve this scholarship because I am a determined, hard working individual that has a plan for how to make the world a better place. I have always worked hard in school and have gotten good grades. I believe that this scholarship will allow me to study something in school that will improve my community and provide a good job.

The Gushi Kingdom - Steppe Societies in Turpan, China

The Gushi Kingdom - Steppe Societies in Turpan, China The people of the Gushi Kingdom, referred to in the  archaeological literature as the Subeixi culture, were the first permanent residents of the arid land-locked region called the Turpan basin of Xinjiang Province of western China, beginning about 3,000 years ago. The Turpan basin suffers from extreme temperatures, ranging between -27 and 32 degrees Celsius (-16 to 89 degrees Fahrenheit; within it lies the Turpan oasis, created and maintained by a massive qanat system, built long after the Subeixi had been conquered. Eventually, over the span of 1,000 years or so, the Subeixi developed into an agro-pastoral society, with wide-ranging contacts across Asia; this later Subeixi is believed to represent the Cheshi (Chà ¼-shih) state reported in historical Chinese records as having battled and lost against the Western Han. Who Were the Subeixi? The Subeixi were one of several Bronze Age Eurasian steppe societies who roamed the vast central steppes and built and maintained the trade network known as the Silk Road. Subeixi weaponry, horse euipment and garments are said to be similar to those of the Pazyryk culture, suggesting contacts between Subeixi and Scythians of the Altai mountains in Turkey. Astoundingly well-preserved human remains found in Subeixi culture tombs show that the people had fair hair and caucasian physical characteristics, and recent research maintains that there were historical and linguistic ties to the ancient Scythians or Rouzhi people. The Subeixi inhabited the Turpan basin between ca 1250 BC and 100 AD  when they were conquered by the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-9 AD) who were eager to expand their control over the Silk Road trade system. Crops and Houses of the Gushi Kingdom The earliest Subeixi settlers were pastoralist nomads, who herded sheep, goats, cattle and horses. Beginning about 850 BC, the nomads began to grow domesticated cereals like bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste). Two small settlement sites have been identified within the Turpan basin at Subeixi and Yuergou, which have not been extensively published in English as of yet. Three houses were found at Subiexi, and excavated in the 1980s. Each house contained three rooms; House 1 was the best preserved. It was rectangular, measuring 13.6x8.1 meters (44.6x26.6 feet). In the western room, an oblong trough near the west wall may have functioned as an animal byre. The middle room contained a hearth on the east side. The eastern room was dedicated to a pottery workshop, with a kiln, two rectangular shallow tanks, and three large pits. Artifacts recovered from this house included pottery and stone tools, including 23 grindstones and 15 pestles. Radiocarbon dates on the site returned calibrated dates between 2220-2420 cal BP, or about 500-300 BC. Yuergou was discovered in 2008. It included five stone houses with roughly circular rooms, and several free-standing walls, all made of enormous boulders. The largest of the houses at Yuergou had four rooms, and organic materials within the site were carbon dated and ranged in age between 200-760 cal BC. The later, farming Subeixi grew cannabis, used both for its fiber and for its psychoactive properties. A cache of caper seeds (Capparis spinosa) mixed with cannabis was recovered from what scholars have interpreted as a shamans tomb at Yanghai, who died about 2700 BP. Other probable Subeixi medicines include Artemisia annua, found in a package within a tomb at Shengjindian. Artemeinini is an effective therapy for many different diseases including malaria. It has a fragrant scent, and Jiang et al feel it was likely placed in the tomb to eliminate the odors that accompany death rituals. Wild plants collected from Subeixi tombs include a range of materials used for fiber, oil and construction materials, including reed stems Phragmites australis and bulrush leaf fibers (Typha spp). Mat making, weaving, metal smelting, and woodworking were developed handicrafts by the later period. Cemeteries The early Subiexi were nomadic, and what is most known about this period comes from large cemeteries. Preservation in these tombs is excellent, with human remains, organic objects and plant and animal remains recovered from thousands of tombs in cemeteries at Aidinghu, Yanghai, Alagou, Yuergou, Shengjindian, Sangeqiao, Wulabu, and Subeixi cemeteries, among others. Among the evidence found in the Shengjindian tombs (about 35 km east of modern Turfan in contexts dated to 2200-2000 years ago) was also Vitis vinifera, in the form of mature grape seeds which indicate that the people had access to ripe grapes, and were thus likely cultivated locally. A grape vine was also recovered at Yanghai tombs, dated to 2,300 years ago. Wooden Prosthesis Also discovered at Shengjindian was a wooden leg on a 50-65-year-old man. Investigations show  that he lost the use of the leg as a result of tuberculosis infection, which caused osseous ankylosis of his knee which would have made walking impossible. The knee was supported with an externally fitted wooden prosthesis, which consisted of a thigh stabilizer and leather straps, and a peg at the bottom made of horse/ass hoof. Wear and tear on the prosthesis  and lack of muscle atrophy in that leg  suggest the man wore the prosthesis for some years. The most probable age of the burial is 300-200 BC, making it the oldest functional leg prosthesis to date. A wooden toe was found in an Egyptian tomb dated to 950-710 BC; a wooden foot was reported by Herodotus in the 5th century BC; and the oldest case of a prosthetic leg use is from Capua Italy, dated to about 300 BC. This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Steppe Societies, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Chen T, Yao S, Merlin M, Mai H, Qiu Z, Hu Y, Wang B, Wang C, and Jiang H. 2014. Identification of Cannabis Fiber from the Astana Cemeteries, Xinjiang, China, with Reference to Its Unique Decorative Utilization. Economic Botany 68(1):59-66. doi: 10.1007/s12231-014-9261-z Gong Y, Yang Y, Ferguson DK, Tao D, Li W, Wang C, Là ¼ E, and Jiang H. 2011. Investigation of ancient noodles, cakes, and millet at the Subeixi Site, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(2):470-479. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2010.10.006 Jiang H-E, Li X, Ferguson DK, Wang Y-F, Liu C-J, and Li C-S. 2007. The discovery of Capparis spinosa L. (Capparidaceae) in the Yanghai Tombs (2800 years b.p.), NW China, and its medicinal implications. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113(3):409-420. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.020 Jiang H-E, Li X, Liu C-J, Wang Y-F, and Li C-S. 2007. Fruits of Lithospermum officinale L. (Boraginaceae) used as an early plant decoration (2500 years BP) in Xinjiang, China. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(2):167-170. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.04.003 Jiang H-E, Li X, Zhao Y-X, Ferguson DK, Hueber F, Bera S, Wang Y-F, Zhao L-C, Liu C-J, and Li C-S. 2006. A new insight into Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108(3):414-422. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.034 Jiang H-E, Wu Y, Wang H, Ferguson DK, and Li C-S. 2013. Ancient plant use at the site of Yuergou, Xinjiang, China: implications from desiccated and charred plant remains. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22(2):129-140. doi: 10.1007/s00334-012-0365-z Jiang H-E, Zhang Y, Là ¼ E, and Wang C. 2015. Archaeobotanical evidence of plant utilization in the ancient Turpan of Xinjiang, China: a case study at the Shengjindian cemetery. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24(1):165-177. doi: 10.1007/s00334-014-0495-6 Jiang H-E, Zhang Y-B, Li X, Yao Y-F, Ferguson DK, Là ¼ E-G, and Li C-S. 2009. Evidence for early viticulture in China: proof of a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae) in the Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(7):1458-1465. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.02.010 Kramell A, Li X, Csuk R, Wagner M, Goslar T, Tarasov PE, Kreusel N, Kluge R, and Wunderlich C-H. 2014. Dyes of late Bronze Age textile clothes and accessories from the Yanghai archaeological site, Turfan, China: Determination of the fibers, color analysis and dating. Quaternary International 348(0):214-223. doi; 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.012 Li X, Wagner M, Wu X, Tarasov P, Zhang Y, Schmidt A, Goslar T, and Gresky J. 2013. Archaeological and palaeopathological study on the third/second century BC grave from Turfan, China: Individual health history and regional implications. Quaternary International 290–291(0):335-343. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.010 Qiu Z, Zhang Y, Bedigian D, Li X, Wang C, and Jiang H. 2012. Sesame Utilization in China: New Archaeobotanical Evidence from Xinjiang. Economic Botany 66(3):255-263. doi: 10.1007/s12231-012-9204-5

Should teenagers commit violate crimes be tried and sentence has an Essay

Should teenagers commit violate crimes be tried and sentence has an adult - Essay Example These young ones do not know the real meaning of crime and thus fall in the trap. What they must be told is how to get rid of such practices for their own betterment. Having said that there is absolutely no reason as to why these teenagers should not be held accountable for their deeds, good or bad. It is about time the society discerns the manner in which the teenagers fall in the holds of crime and thus destroy their proper growth regimes. They find solace form actions which have little significance on their lives and in essence remain in oblivion in more ways than one. It would be destructive on their part to part with their studies and work domains, and concentrate on usurping money and material possessions from the poor and needy, and in some cases from pedestrians, passengers and even household members. Crime knows nothing positive within its folds and thus these teenagers find wrongdoings as a part of their thrill and adventure – an absolute wrath for any society in essence. Therefore the teenagers must be taken to task and punished in accordance with the laws and regulations of the society. They should be sentenced much like the adults and thus their development basis needs to be judged in a manner which is quite similar to that of the adults. These teenagers will grow up and become adults themselves and this will happen pretty soon in the future. Thus it would be for the betterment of the entire society as well as the teenagers themselves if they are kept a check upon their deeds and actions. They must not be let free on the account of committing crimes and playing the ransacking game within the domains of any society. Lastly, there could be some let-offs in the manner the crimes have been committed. The small crimes could always be pardoned off with minor punishments here and there. However the magnitude of the crime must always be the sole criteria for choosing the punishment for the offender.

The constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The constitution - Essay Example fectual in running a national government, so a combination of factors further pointed to the need of a stronger government than the articles of confederation provided. Congress could not provide protection for local industries because it did not have the powers, and so America’s manufacturing had failed to grow. Settlers in the west demanded a more aggressive policy on land cessions and wanted more to be done to protect them from Indian attacks2. Merchants wanted a government that could get them advantageous trade agreements abroad. While changing the Articles was not viewed as urgent among the southern and Mid-Atlantic States, their leaders too appreciated that free navigation of the Mississippi River and a solution of the dispute with Spain needed a response from a stronger government. Before the new constitution, only white males who owned property were allowed to vote. The new constitution, however, would allow all citizens to vote. It was also going to abolish slavery, meaning the propertied white would have to find an alternative source of labor3. The preamble of the federal constitution has the words ‘we the people’. These words can be interpreted to be meaning all the citizens of America. This is not true though, what it actually meant is that it excluded slaves, poor white males, women and Native Americans. These groups of people were not allowed to vote, for example. It denied congress the power to abolish the slave trade before 1808. It also required that fugitive slaves should be returned to their masters. The unrepresented groups in the American constitution include the Hawaiians, the Indians and many other ethnic minorities living widely as small minorities. A constitutional republic meant that whereas other people enjoyed the privileges brought about by the new constitution, the unrepresented did not since they were not properly recognized by the constitution. For example, the unrepresented people lost the right of suffrage. Though they

Motivation behind Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Motivation behind Behavior - Essay Example The topics of the course were very diverse. They ranged from an overview of sustainability aspects including engineering perspectives, health, corporate and consumer responsibility to planning, designing, and measuring sustainability. They offered broad knowledge and adequate case studies such as Offshore Wind Farm negotiation that were practical and taught me how to plan and execute negotiations with stakeholders for a sustainable environment (Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005; â€Å"PON at Harvard Law School – Offshore Wind Farm Negotiation,† 2008). Moreover, they also enabled me to understand how to perform an analysis of a project impact. Leadership lessons taught me how to motivate others, identify developing conflicts, and solve them. The Strength Deployment Model taught me to identify positive things from people’s behavior, learn the motivation behind their behavior, and use appropriate language to motivate them towards a sustainable environment (SDI, 2015). Concepts in this lesson helped me understand myself and my roles as a leader in sustainability. It taught me the value of being aware of happenings in the society or the importance of an aspect such as the climatic change to society. Some of the main aims of leadership include actively solving the issue of how to organize the collective effort for optimal outcomes. It also taught me that working with people is challenging and I now know the challenges to expect and what to do to create a motivating environment for everyone to accomplish sustainability measures in society.

Developing A Warranty Cost Model

Developing A Warranty Cost Model Chapter 2: literature review. 2.1. Introduction to Reliability: The reliability expression may sometimes be unclear in general logic due to the differences in understanding it among customers. Each customer can define reliability from a different point a view. As an example; a customer may define it as cheap product which has a long guaranteed life cycle period and in the meanwhile works hardly enough. Whereas another customer may define it as a reasonable price product which has a life cycle period and will definitely work as intended. (Institute et al., 1968) The concept reliability is very clear and understandable in the practical and industrial world. Reliability of a product, process, or system is the probability that it will perform as specified, and under certain condition, for a specified period of time.(2Blank, 2004) Reliability is known as the likelihood of a product, machine or a component, to keep doing its intended task without breaking down under precise conditions for a given period of time. (Yang, 2007) (Yang, 2007) The above expression holds three significant essentials to ensure the full understanding of reliability: To know the planned function or task of a product, machine and component. To know the planned duration specified relating to a product, machine and component. To know the environment surrounding where the product, machine, and component, suppose to be working at. Knowing these three essentials conditions will allow us to estimate the product, machine or component reliability capability from the first instance. 2.1.2. Reliability Engineering Studies: The purpose of reliability engineering studies is to control, or to make sure that a product, machine or component will be reliable under normal operation in a specified studied manner, as well as away from breaking downs. (Smith, 1972) Reliability engineering studies are science used to minimize the outcome effects and possible behaviour which will result in maximizing reliability. There are three necessary conditions to achieve the previous statements: To build a maximum reliability consideration into a product, machine and component, during the design and development stages; this consideration is known to be the most critical point due to its responsibility in inherent reliability. To cut down production process differences; this will guarantee that the process will not deliberately degrade the inherited reliability. Once a product is manufactured. A well maintained operation should be commenced; this will prevent the performance degradation and will extend the product life.(Hartman, 2007) These considerations are presented within a large selection of reliability techniques, as an instance; reliability planning and specification, fault tree analyses, accelerated life testing, degradation testing, reliability verification testing and warranty analysis.(Yang, 2007) 2.1.3. Reliability Main Factors: To judge on the reliability of any product, there are factors should be known, as an instance: Intentional usage or application. Product, machine and component specification. Price. Customer expectations. Level of inconvenience caused by product, machine or component breakdown. 2.1.4. Reliability Measurements: In a view of the fact that reliability is measured by probability or likelihood, any effort to measure it will engage the usage of statistical methods. Therefore statistics are very important tools in relating to reliability studies. (Yang, 2007) 2.1.5. Reliability Formula: Warranty and reliability share the same patterns for an economic sense to be observed. Reliability has been identified as the likelihood of a product to keep performing its intended task without breaking down. R= reliability. P (s): success probability. N: number of attempted trails. S: number of success. F: number of failures. Reliability mainly presents the successes and failures in a process, where a good economic warranty cost model has high accuracy in reliability prediction. Design for Reliability: Overview of the Process and Applicable Techniques. 2011. Design for Reliability: Overview of the Process and Applicable Techniques. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.reliasoft.com/newsletter/v8i2/reliability.htm. [Accessed 19 March 2011]. 2.1.6. Reliability Improvement: There are many ways by which the reliability can be affected, below are two ways: Quality is the integration of features and characteristics of a product or a service, to enable us to meet the needs and specific requirements. Repetition of the same task causing financial and labor waste. (6Condra, 2001) 2.1.7. Reliability Applications: Various phases of a power plant such as construction, production and maintenance shall apply the reliability data analysis. Such a data might be (Heyman, 1988)applicable for production planning, benchmarking , trend analysis, plant components improvement, risk issues, RCM , spare parts optimization, Design review , Structural reliability. (Heyman, 1988) Data on existing units can be effectively useful for benchmarking the unit performance, during RCM, failure preventions, the spare parts optimization.(Heyman, 1988) 2.1.8. Reliability Prediction Science: It is considered to estimate the effects of the choices made prior the system is built or put into service. Reliability prediction handles the analysing of products with the help of models better than real systems to supply a solid foundation for testing, analysing, planning, manufacturing, and estimating reliability. An ideal example of reliability prediction is to predict the system of specified design and specified group of components in an ideal working environment. At the end of the prediction the reliability of the same system should be tested in a different surroundings from those which data and prediction were obtained from earlier.(3Blischke and Murthy, 2000) Reliability prediction procedure is attempted at the very first steps of improving a program to hold up the design procedure. Commencing a reliability prediction helps in supplying clear demands of reliability enhancement within the improvement stage, and the knowledge of the possibilities of failure of the equipment in its operation life. The advantage of applying reliability prediction, machinery designs are able to develop, money is saved rather than spending on poor designs and time is preserved concerning testing. A widely used way for prediction the reliability of machinery is based on database usage, however this way is not probable due to variety types of failure rates which dramatically happen to similar products.(Geitner and Bloch, 2006) 2.1.9. Objective of Reliability Prediction: The importance of reliability prediction lies down under several points: The reliability prediction should be implemented as an assurance program in different sections of a plant. Repairing decisions are taken when and where problems appear.(Kececioglu, 2002) 2.1.10. Taxonomy Related to Reliability: Availability: It can be defined as the probability that the component will function at any random time. Mean time to failure (MTTF): The time that elapses until a failure occurs. Mean time between failures (MTBF): It is the average time between failures. It is used for repairable systems. Failure Rate: The failure rate in a time interval which is the probability that a failure per unit time occurs in the interval given. Hazard Function: The failure rate limit as the interval approaches zero.(Pham, 2006) 2.2. Reliability Centred Maintenance: The word maintenance from the engineering point of view is: to take the necessary action to maintain or restore equipment and machinery, or system to determine the practical requirement to achieve maximum validity. This includes corrective maintenance, preventive maintenance, and predictive maintenance. What is maintenance? Definition and Meaning. 2011. What is maintenance? Definition and Meaning. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/maintenance.html. [Accessed 19 March 2011]. Reliability centred maintenance or (RCM) can be expressed as an advanced study into maintenance, which joins the maintenance of interactive applications, preventive, predictive, and proactive, as well as the formation of plans to make the most of the life of the product, and also to ensure proper function for the product, machine and component at the lowest possible cost. Introduction to Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) Part 1. 2011. Introduction to Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) Part 1. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.plant-maintenance.com/RCM-intro.shtml. [Accessed 19 March 2011]. 2.2.1. Preventive Maintenance: Preventive maintenance is the programme of planned maintenance, which aims to prevent the collapse and failure. The main objective of preventive maintenance is to prevent the failure of equipment before it happen. It is designed to maintain and improve equipment reliability by replacing worn components before they fail in practice. Preventive maintenance activities include equipment checks and repairs, partial or complete checks at fixed intervals, oil changes, and lubrication and so on. In addition, workers can record equipment deterioration so they know when to replace or repair defective parts before they cause system failure. It would be an ideal preventive maintenance program to prevent all equipment failure before it happens. Preventive Maintenance. 2011. Preventive Maintenance. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.weibull.com/SystemRelWeb/preventive_maintenance.htm. [Accessed 19 March 2011]. 2.2.2. Predictive Maintenance: Techniques help to determine the status of equipments in service in order to predict when you must perform maintenance. This approach offers cost savings over routine preventive maintenance. What Is Predictive Maintenance?. 2011. What Is Predictive Maintenance?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-predictive-maintenance.htm. [Accessed 19 March 2011]. 2.2.3. Terms and Goals of Using Reliability Cantered Maintenance: The majority of maintenance organizations classify the goals of using (RCM) by the below listed steps: Scheduling the tasks by its priority. Consider the safety prospective. To be familiar with the machinery capabilities; each type of machinery will have different performance type. Knowing the failure causes; to recognize when the right moment to reduce it is. Using skilled staff; to help out in scheduling priorities. Practicing preventative tasks; to help in knowing the machinery status. Disposing and replacing the damaged components; to ensure the effectiveness of the other related parts. Standards must be identified for each step mentioned above. It is important that the steps are done by the same staff who are responsible of the function and operation of the plant.(Tweeddale, 2003) The conditions to develop a sufficient (RCM) program depend on the success of using the observation and statistical methods, because sometimes both methods depend on each other. 2.3. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis: Mechanical failures are introduced as any significant changes regarding size, shape or material characteristics in a system. The first and main responsibility of any mechanical designer is to make sure that the design produced is capable of doing its function properly, meets the designated life time and most important is to be competitive in the market. Estimating and identifying all possible modes of failure which may restrict the functionality of the design will ensure the success in designing. The designer must be familiar with the variety collection of failure modes presented in the work sites as well as the circumstances leading to it, so the designer becomes ready to prevent failure from occurring once again. The designer should preferably have an on hand experience to investigate predictable failures in a professional manner, thus failures could be prevented in future. It is clear that the failure analysis, prediction, and preventative are significant to be known to every designer.(5Collins, 1993) The term behind the failure can be known as the failure to meet some specific performance measurements. Different between definitions terms such as defects, malfunction, fault and reject are usually vital in comparing causes of failures, as well as in the categorizing and analyzing of provided information. The different between the terminologies is mainly to define the types of failure, reasons, and level of failure. For any introduced definition of failures there are no doubts in introducing reliability. Because the failure is the absent of the specification and so changes in performance capabilities occur. (Smith, 2005) The estimation of the data could be done by two methods, first by using history data; this will enable us to have a look at similar machinery which may had experienced identical problems, warranty data, and customer feedback. Second method is conducted, by using several mathematical methods, models and simulations. Dealing with (FMEA) does not always mean that one way is better or more accurate than the other; both of the methods can be used if applied correctly. The proper way in commencing (FMEA) will result is providing helpful data which can help in reducing the hazards relating to work load in a system, product and service. The (FMEA) is one of the most efficient ways considered in preventative maintenance. The (FMEA) will help in having knowledge about what is suitable correction tasks should be done to keep failures away from happening. An effective and successful (FMEA) system could be recognized by meeting these objectives, first recognize the known and possible failures modes, and then reasons of failures. Schedule the failures modes according to the highest risk level, and finally follow up the work done to ensure the correction of the failure.(Stamatis, 2003) 2.3.1. When and Where To Use Failure Mode and Effects Analysis: The (FMEA) procedure is extensively used in different stages, regarding product designing and manufacturing processes. It offers a well organized structure and an easy way to communicate amongst the team of manufacturers. It can be used as well in developing services which will help production process.(McDermott et al., 1996) Traditional failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) are mainly used models in warranty cost among other models in the automobile industry. (Majeske, 2003) An essential term to inherent reliability into a product or system is by recognizing the failure causes, and making sure they are removed or that their likelihood of happening once again is low. This thought can be done by conducting tests, or logically by using models. Failure mode and effects analysis is a planned way in clarifying the origin of failures modes, and it is considered to be a sufficient reliability schedule, especially it links to reliability development throughout design stage.(7Denson, 2006) 2.4.4. Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP): Risk analysis is an orderly and systematic method for Examination system and risk management. In particular, are often used as a risk and operating Technique to identify potential hazards in the system and identify interoperability problems. It assumes that events are caused by the risk of design or operating intentions. This approach is a unique feature of risk and vulnerability to treatment methodology that helps to stimulate the imagination of the team Members when exploring potential deviations. Figure (2) shows a sample of HAZOP system.(Organisation and Safety, 1988) Figure (1) a sample of HAZOP system Hazard Operability Studies (Hazops) 1 of 2. 2011. Hazard Operability Studies (Hazops) 1 of 2. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.lihoutech.com/hzp1frm.htm. [Accessed 19 March 2011]. 2.3.2. Failure Prevention: Failures are predictable, sooner or later all products, machines and component will experience failure due to many reasons.(Yang, 2007) In any engineering system failures are expected. The effects of failures differentiate from little inconvenience costs to financial drops. Failures happen due to various factors, such as: Bad engineering design. Manufacturing process errors. Insufficient testing. Human mistakes. Poor maintenance. Misuse. In order to reduce failures or breakdowns in any engineering systems, there are some methods should be followed: Identify the cause and the way the failure happened. Identify how many times do the failure tends to repeat. Reliability handles the failure concepts in details via different statistical approaches. Whereas safety tries to study, specify, measure, determine, and analyze the failure.(Verma et al., 2010) 2.4. Introduction to Hazard: The accurate understanding of hazard is appreciated due to its criticality. It supplies us with the base foundation of a system safety. Hazard analysis is conducted to identify hazards consequences, and hazard main factors, As well as to determine the risks facing the system. To carry out hazard analysis in a proper manner, it is essential to recognize what causes hazards and how to define hazards. Understanding the hazard character is an important issue to improve the skills needed to identify potential hazards and their results in a system design.(Ericson, 2005) 2.4.1. Hazard Analysis: This analysis involves describing the complete process first, and then collecting the answers for a set of systematic questions. The purpose is to identify how exactly the deviations from the design can arise.   These deviations are further assessed by any negative effect of their consequences on the safe and efficient operation of the plant.   The assessment would provide a basis for any action to be taken to cure this situation. From an engineering point of view, hazard analysis process is the best tool for analyzing reliability data. It can be used to make conclusions about the reliability of a component. (12002) 2.4.2. Survival Analysis: Survival function, also known as a reliability function of the survivors, is a property of any random variable that maps a set of events, usually associated with failure of some system. 2.4.3. Hazard Rate Function: Hazard rate function can be obtained by an equation which assumes a constant hazard rate. 2.4.5. Bathtub Curve: Figure (2) illustrates the bathtub curve which demonstrates the product failure rate against time. Any product cycle life can be divided into three separate durations: The first duration (early life): This duration where the failure probability is decreased to minimum. . It what happens in the early life of most new products, sometimes the first period is mentioned as the mortality period. The second duration (normal life or useful life): This is represented in the graph by a flat line. Failures and breakdowns happen randomly within this duration. In this period the failure rate tends to become somehow constant. During this period the lowest failure rate is observed, so it is the most appropriate time to make reliability predictions. The third duration (wear out): this begins where the slope starts to rise till the end. This typically happen to products when they get old, thus the failure rate increases. Wear out is usually caused by break down due to various reasons such as physical wear and stress.(speaks, 2005) Figure (2) a bathtub curve. A Brief Introduction to Reliability. 2011. A Brief Introduction to Reliability. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.weibull.com/LifeDataWeb/a_brief_introduction_to_reliability.htm. [Accessed 19 March 2011]. 2.5. Statistical Models for Life Data: Statistical models for life data such as weibull distribution, survival analysis and warranty help in producing high accuracy in prediction. The automobile manufacturing having relied heavily on warranty interval in its warranty provision inclines more in reliability and therefore seek such analysis. (Ward and Christer, 2005) 2.5.1. Weibull Distribution: The weibull distribution is named after a Swedish professor Waloddi Weibull. He explained the ability to use the weibull distribution in small sizes measurements and it is easiness to supply an accurate model for a broad data sets. At the beginning of his exploring weibull distribution he faced some obstacles and doubts form his colleagues. However, the weibull distribution has ended now to be widely practised in reliability.(8Dodson, 2006) A reason for the wide spread of the weibull distribution is that it has a large different shapes, which makes it easy to fit any data. Also, it is perfect to show the weakest connection of a product. For example, if a system has more than one part, the weibull distribution will present each failure time of each part at the same distribution no matter how insignificant they are .(Nelson, 2003) Figure (3) is a sample of weibull a distribution plot. Figure (3) a sample of weibull distribution plot. Guidelines for Burn-in Justification and Burn-in Time Determination. 2011. Guidelines for Burn-in Justification and Burn-in Time Determination. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.reliasoft.com/newsletter/v7i2/burn_in.htm. [Accessed 19 March 2011]. 2.5.2. Kaplan Meier Survival Estimator: The Kaplan Meier estimator is named after Edward L. Kaplan and Paul Meier. It estimates the survival function. In engineering this method is used to measure the time until failure of different products, machine and components. Kaplan EL, Meier P. J Am Stat Assoc 1958; 53:457-81. [Cited by: McKenzie S, et al. JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2010 Jul 5; 11(4):341-347. (Reference 14)]. 2011. Kaplan EL, Meier P. J Am Stat Assoc 1958; 53:457-81. [Cited by: McKenzie S, et al. JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2010 Jul 5; 11(4):341-347. (Reference 14)]. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.joplink.net/prev/201007/ref/02-014.html. [Accessed 19 March 2011]. 2.5.2.1. Formulation: Where: t (1) 2.5.3. Exponential Distribution: This is the most commonly used distribution in reliability, and is often used to predict the probability of survival to time (t) figure (4) shows a sample of exponential distribution graph.(9Dovich, 1990) Figure (4) a standard exponential distribution graph Continuous Random Variables: The Exponential Distribution. 2011. Continuous Random Variables: The Exponential Distribution. [ONLINE] Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m16816/latest/. [Accessed 19 March 2011]. 2.5.3.1. Formulation: The probability density function is: Where Mean time to failure = Or, where 2.5.4. Disadvantages and Advantages of Statistical Method: Cost; studying and analyzing a quantity of data of different products within a system are an expensive job. The results revealed are not sufficient enough to build an understanding of the type of maintenance needed in this particular situation. The only disadvantage of the observation method appear is when applying it carelessly and without keeping record of foundings, this will result in mixing up different judgements.(4Chalifoux and Baird, 1999) 2.6. Introduction to Warranty: Warranty is a provision for a seller to provide assurance to a buyer that the product will perform as implied. (Zhou and Tang, 2008) Warranty brings confidence to the buyer; automotive vehicles like any other automated system consider warranty to a buyer. (Wu and Li, 2007) Unlike the quality loss function which assumes a fixed target and accounts for immediate issues, warranty loss occurs during the customer use. (Zhou and Tang, 2008) In automotive industry, data is tracked and analyzed regularly (Zhou and Tang, 2008). The interval can be evaluated on the basis of their costs. The effect of warranty especially in the context of the interval, affects the performance of the company especially if the number of returns on warranty is high. (Wu and Li, 2007) Neglecting the fact that warranty cost is a result of conflict between the customer expectation and the performance of the product, the interval of the warranty liability disturbs the economic sense of warranty. (Wu and Li, 2007) Warranty costs have in many companies been positioned as operational costs. (Ward and Christer, 2005) The impact of warranty in the whole business performance has challenged vehicle manufacturers to develop vehicles that are less costly to repair (Metric: Warranty $s) and are more reliable within a longer period of time. (Metric: annual failure rates, AFR) For this purpose to be done, warranty cost models that make the impact of reliability on cost and costs associated with repair of specific failure modes should be economically healthy. (Wu and Li, 2007) 2.6.1. Warranty Probability: The ratio as Pw is termed as the warranty probability (Ward and Christer, 2005). The warranty probability is the ratio of the number of complaints N against the total number of products Tp. Pw Another factor that is important in warranty cost analysis is the complaint factor. (Ward and Christer, 2005) The complaint factor is the ratio of the actual number of complaints and the potential number of complaints where the actual number of complaints is the number of actual complaints fixed. (Ward and Christer, 2005) The method for calculating the warranty probability depends on product performance and customer expectations. (Wang et al., 2010) The distance of performance is a function of the warranty interval. (Ward and Christer, 2005) It is supposed that as time passes, the distance of performance increases, this is the common feature referred to as mileage. In motor vehicles the time age of the car has been consistently assumed to be a factor representing its use. (Manna et al. 2008) Despite the fact that mileage can be determined, the correlation between mileage and age of the car is strong and positive. (Manna et al. 2008) Since vehicles manufacturing designs and model change with time, the automobile industry prefer attaching warranty to age of the vehicle rather than calibrated mileage. Warranty is a key factor in bringing confidence to a buyer. The higher the warranty time, the more the confidence is the buyer. (Manna et al. 2008) 2.6.2. Warranty Distribution Analysis: Feedback from warranty returns provides a solid basis in determining use failure distribution. (Murthy, and Blischke, 2006) The time interval as a factor contributes significantly to predictions. The warranty intervals are the most solid factor that can be used in assessing the failures prediction. By maintaining warranty and assessing failures for a longer period of time, more knowledge on the performance especially for automated systems is achieved. (Murthy, and Blischke, 2006) Reasons for carrying out warranty data analysis are the following: Forecasting warranty claims. To determine risk assessment and monitoring. Reliability assessment.(12002) 2.6.3. Reduction strategies for cost drivers There are two factors that have been identified as primary warranty cost drivers. The number of occurrence of an event which can be noticed by the analysing failure rate and the cost of the process are the identified cost drivers. (Attardi et al., 2005) The strategies employable for reduction of costs are by reducing the factors. (Attardi et al., 2005) 2.6.4. Cost model in product development The cost model has been used in product development in making economic sense of organizational existence. (Karim and Suzuki, 2005) Through its impact in influence of decision making by providing design alternatives that come handy in warranty cost, the model establishment should be in advisory of the product development through calculation of estimates of product total warranty cost. (Aldridge, and Dustin, 2006) Difference in warranty costs based on design alternatives provides a short projection of the optimized design that maintains both customer confidence through warranty and economic advantage to the organization. (Attardi et al., 2005) Identification of necessary product features, capabilities and diagnostic tools that are required in automobile projected warranty savings for the warranty intervals is achievable through the cost model in product development. (Aldridge, and Dustin, 2006) Under the foundation of the cost model, the risk involved in the warranty interval can be evaluated by analyzing the risk involved in an extension of warranty in automobiles. (Aldridge, and Dustin, 2006) It should be taken into consideration that the cost model economic impact is dependent on the period of warranty especially with automobiles that are known to wear and tear. (Karim and Suzuki, 2005) Chapter 3: case study (from notes given by doctor) Introduction: Field data in the automotive industry often comes in two types, the first is grouped data expressed by months in service. The second is ungrouped data available from company owned but customer operated fleets and expressed as miles to failure. In many scenarios, data which comes from late stages have a greater importance over the former because of the following reasons: Mileage is more objective measure of the component life than time in service. There are types of failures are not tracked by the warranty system. The complexity of censoring mechanism in relating to reliability analysis of grouped warranty data. Therefore, this theoretical case study will focus on the analysing of ungrouped mileage data which is not represented by time in service, because it comes from the company owned fleets. Aim and objective: To discuss a procedure to estimate the censoring mileage and the reliability function for a component of interest (e.g.: battery). Data: Table 1 shows a format of failure data from a customer operated fleet. The vehicle mileage is reported only at failure or service events. VIN failed / serviced comopnent failure / service mileage X009 battery 45000 X018 fuel pump 91680 X021 brake pads 78470 X006 front wipers 77350 X028 head lamp 4007 X015 clutch disks 150400 X031 front wipers 51420 X003 ign.switch 3961 X013 battery 16890 X007 front struts 27160 X026 battery 72280 X031 battery 131900 X027 door lock 7298 X017 fuel pump 4734 X